NMCLE Model Questions – 2025
General Medicine
- Which of the following is the most common cause of myocardial infarction? a) Pulmonary embolism
b) Coronary artery thrombosis
c) Aortic stenosis
d) Hypertension - A 45-year-old man presents with exertional dyspnea and bilateral basal crepitations. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) COPD
b) Pulmonary embolism
c) Left heart failure
d) Pneumonia - Which of the following ECG changes is most characteristic of hyperkalemia?
a) ST elevation
b) Peaked T waves
c) Q waves
d) U waves
Surgery
- A 60-year-old male with chronic smoking history presents with hemoptysis and weight loss. What is the next best investigation?
a) Chest X-ray
b) CT thorax
c) Bronchoscopy
d) Sputum culture - Which of the following is the most common site of colorectal cancer?
a) Ascending colon
b) Descending colon
c) Rectosigmoid junction
d) Cecum - A patient with acute appendicitis is most likely to have tenderness at:
a) Murphy’s point
b) McBurney’s point
c) Kocher’s point
d) Lanz’s point
Pediatrics
- A 2-year-old child presents with barking cough, stridor, and fever. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Epiglottitis
b) Croup
c) Bronchiolitis
d) Pneumonia - The most common cause of neonatal sepsis in developing countries is:
a) Staphylococcus aureus
b) Group B Streptococcus
c) Escherichia coli
d) Klebsiella pneumoniae - Which vitamin deficiency is most commonly associated with rickets?
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B12
c) Vitamin C
d) Vitamin D
Obstetrics & Gynecology
- The most common cause of maternal mortality in postpartum hemorrhage is:
a) Retained placenta
b) Uterine atony
c) Uterine rupture
d) Coagulopathy - A 28-year-old primigravida at 32 weeks of gestation presents with hypertension, proteinuria, and edema. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Gestational hypertension
b) Chronic hypertension
c) Preeclampsia
d) Eclampsia - The ideal time for screening for gestational diabetes mellitus is:
a) 12-16 weeks
b) 24-28 weeks
c) 30-34 weeks
d) 36-40 weeks
Pharmacology
- Which of the following drugs is contraindicated in pregnancy?
a) Labetalol
b) Methyldopa
c) ACE inhibitors
d) Calcium channel blockers - The antidote for organophosphate poisoning is:
a) Naloxone
b) Atropine
c) Flumazenil
d) N-acetylcysteine - Which of the following antibiotics is bacteriostatic?
a) Penicillin
b) Tetracycline
c) Vancomycin
d) Cephalosporin
Pathology
- The most common cause of megaloblastic anemia is:
a) Iron deficiency
b) Vitamin B12 deficiency
c) Folate deficiency
d) Chronic disease - Which of the following markers is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
a) CEA
b) AFP
c) CA-125
d) CA-19-9 - The Reed-Sternberg cell is a characteristic finding in:
a) Hodgkin’s lymphoma
b) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
c) Multiple myeloma
d) Leukemia
Public Health
- The recommended daily intake of folic acid in pregnancy for prevention of neural tube defects is:
a) 100 mcg
b) 400 mcg
c) 800 mcg
d) 1 mg - The best indicator of nutritional status in children is:
a) Weight for age
b) Height for age
c) BMI
d) Mid-upper arm circumference - The most common cause of maternal mortality worldwide is:
a) Postpartum hemorrhage
b) Sepsis
c) Hypertensive disorders
d) Obstructed labor
General Medicine
- Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?
a) Alcohol consumption
b) Gallstones
c) Viral infections
d) Autoimmune disease - The most common cause of hypertension in children is:
a) Primary hypertension
b) Renal disease
c) Endocrine disorders
d) Coarctation of the aorta - Which of the following is used to reverse the effects of warfarin overdose?
a) Vitamin K
b) Protamine sulfate
c) FFP (Fresh Frozen Plasma)
d) Heparin - A 45-year-old diabetic presents with sudden loss of vision and floaters. The most likely diagnosis is:
a) Diabetic retinopathy
b) Macular degeneration
c) Retinal vein occlusion
d) Cataract
Surgery
- A 30-year-old male presents with colicky abdominal pain and is diagnosed with kidney stones. The initial management includes:
a) Surgical removal
b) Pain control and hydration
c) Antibiotics
d) Diuretics - Which of the following is the most common complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
a) Bile duct injury
b) Postoperative bleeding
c) Respiratory failure
d) Pneumothorax - A patient with acute cholecystitis is given antibiotics. What is the most common organism involved?
a) Escherichia coli
b) Klebsiella pneumoniae
c) Salmonella typhi
d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa - The initial management of an open fracture includes:
a) Immediate debridement and wound closure
b) Immobilization and administration of IV antibiotics
c) Immediate plaster cast application
d) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - The most common cause of intestinal obstruction in adults is:
a) Adhesions
b) Hernia
c) Volvulus
d) Intussusception
Pediatrics
- Which of the following vaccines is contraindicated during pregnancy?
a) MMR
b) DTP
c) Polio
d) Hepatitis B - The most common congenital heart defect is:
a) Ventricular septal defect
b) Atrial septal defect
c) Tetralogy of Fallot
d) Patent ductus arteriosus - Which of the following is the first-line treatment for status epilepticus in a child?
a) Phenytoin
b) Lorazepam
c) Diazepam
d) Phenobarbital - The most common cause of neonatal jaundice is:
a) Breastfeeding jaundice
b) Hemolytic disease of the newborn
c) Physiologic jaundice
d) Biliary atresia - Which of the following conditions is associated with a “butterfly” rash?
a) Psoriasis
b) Systemic lupus erythematosus
c) Rheumatoid arthritis
d) Eczema
Obstetrics & Gynecology
- The most common cause of secondary amenorrhea is:
a) Polycystic ovarian syndrome
b) Pregnancy
c) Hyperprolactinemia
d) Hypothyroidism - The normal range of fetal heart rate during labor is:
a) 60-100 bpm
b) 100-160 bpm
c) 160-180 bpm
d) 180-200 bpm - The most common type of breast cancer is:
a) Invasive ductal carcinoma
b) Invasive lobular carcinoma
c) Ductal carcinoma in situ
d) Lobular carcinoma in situ - The first-line treatment for endometriosis includes:
a) Surgery
b) Hormonal therapy
c) Antibiotics
d) Corticosteroids - A 25-year-old woman presents with pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. On examination, she has a tender adnexal mass. The most likely diagnosis is:
a) Ovarian cyst
b) Ectopic pregnancy
c) Pelvic inflammatory disease
d) Endometriosis
Pharmacology
- The drug of choice for tuberculosis is:
a) Rifampin
b) Isoniazid
c) Pyrazinamide
d) Ethambutol - Which of the following is a selective beta-1 blocker?
a) Propranolol
b) Metoprolol
c) Carvedilol
d) Labetalol - The most common side effect of corticosteroids is:
a) Weight loss
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Hypotension
d) Hypokalemia - Which of the following is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
a) Cough
b) Constipation
c) Tremors
d) Visual disturbances - Which of the following anticoagulants does not require routine monitoring?
a) Warfarin
b) Heparin
c) Dabigatran
d) Enoxaparin
Pathology
- Which of the following conditions is associated with an elevated white blood cell count and a left shift?
a) Acute leukemia
b) Tuberculosis
c) Acute bacterial infection
d) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - The most common cause of cirrhosis worldwide is:
a) Hepatitis B
b) Hepatitis C
c) Alcohol abuse
d) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - The most common site of metastasis in carcinoma of the breast is:
a) Liver
b) Lungs
c) Bones
d) Brain - The hallmark of nephrotic syndrome is:
a) Hematuria
b) Proteinuria
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Oliguria - Which of the following is a predisposing factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
a) Chronic sun exposure
b) Smoking
c) Exposure to cold
d) High-fat diet
Public Health
- The primary goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) is:
a) To eradicate poverty
b) To promote international health
c) To improve global trade
d) To support environmental protection - The most common source of indoor air pollution in developing countries is:
a) Cigarette smoking
b) Biomass fuels
c) Industrial emissions
d) Vehicular emissions - Which of the following is a key feature of the concept of primary health care?
a) Specialized medical treatment
b) Comprehensive healthcare access
c) Advanced hospital care
d) Focus on medical technology - The standard method of calculating Body Mass Index (BMI) is:
a) Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
b) Weight in pounds divided by height in inches squared
c) Weight in kilograms divided by height in centimeters
d) Weight in pounds divided by height in centimeters - A key objective of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was to:
a) Eradicate infectious diseases
b) Achieve universal primary education
c) Reduce non-communicable diseases
d) Promote technological advancements
General Medicine
- The most common cause of peptic ulcer disease is:
a) Stress
b) Helicobacter pylori infection
c) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
d) Alcohol consumption - A 35-year-old woman presents with fever, weight loss, and night sweats. She has a positive tuberculin skin test. What is the next step in management?
a) Start antibiotics
b) Perform a chest X-ray
c) Perform a sputum culture
d) Refer for a biopsy - The first-line treatment for acute asthma exacerbation includes:
a) Beta-blockers
b) Inhaled corticosteroids
c) Short-acting beta-agonists
d) Leukotriene inhibitors - Which of the following is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
a) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
b) Graves’ disease
c) Toxic multinodular goiter
d) Thyroid carcinoma - Which of the following is a hallmark feature of Addison’s disease?
a) Hyperglycemia
b) Hyperpigmentation
c) Hyperthyroidism
d) Hypothermia
Surgery
- The most common complication after a thyroidectomy is:
a) Hemorrhage
b) Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Infection - A 55-year-old male presents with a hernia that reduces spontaneously. This is most likely a:
a) Inguinal hernia
b) Umbilical hernia
c) Incisional hernia
d) Femoral hernia - A patient with a small bowel obstruction is managed with:
a) Immediate surgery
b) Conservative management with nasogastric tube and IV fluids
c) Intravenous antibiotics and observation
d) Chemotherapy - The most common malignancy of the small intestine is:
a) Adenocarcinoma
b) Lymphoma
c) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
d) Carcinoid tumor - Which of the following is a potential complication of diverticulitis?
a) Bowel perforation
b) Ascites
c) Pneumothorax
d) Acute pancreatitis
Pediatrics
- The most common cause of respiratory distress in a newborn is:
a) Transient tachypnea of the newborn
b) Respiratory distress syndrome
c) Meconium aspiration syndrome
d) Pneumonia - The most common genetic disorder leading to developmental delay is:
a) Down syndrome
b) Fragile X syndrome
c) Rett syndrome
d) Turner syndrome - Which of the following is a classic sign of dehydration in infants?
a) Sunken fontanel
b) Increased urine output
c) Weight gain
d) Increased activity - A 10-year-old boy is found to have hematuria and proteinuria. The next step in management should be:
a) Renal biopsy
b) Urinalysis and renal function tests
c) Ultrasound of the kidneys
d) Initiate antibiotics - The most common cause of seizures in children is:
a) Meningitis
b) Epilepsy
c) Febrile convulsions
d) Hypoglycemia
Obstetrics & Gynecology
- The most appropriate management of a patient with ectopic pregnancy is:
a) Laparotomy
b) Methotrexate therapy
c) Observation
d) Hysterectomy - The first step in the management of a patient with a missed abortion is:
a) Expectant management
b) Curettage
c) Dilation and evacuation (D&E)
d) Medical induction with prostaglandins - The most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women is:
a) Uterine fibroids
b) Endometrial carcinoma
c) Polycystic ovarian syndrome
d) Endometrial hyperplasia - Which of the following is the most common cause of pelvic pain in women of reproductive age?
a) Endometriosis
b) Ovarian cysts
c) Pelvic inflammatory disease
d) Fibroids - Which test is used to screen for cervical cancer?
a) Colposcopy
b) Pap smear
c) Biopsy
d) Ultrasound
Pharmacology
- Which of the following is the first-line treatment for hypertension in pregnancy?
a) Labetalol
b) Losartan
c) Methyldopa
d) Nifedipine - The antidote for acetaminophen poisoning is:
a) Activated charcoal
b) N-acetylcysteine
c) Naloxone
d) Flumazenil - Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause nephrotoxicity?
a) Penicillin
b) Gentamicin
c) Ciprofloxacin
d) Azithromycin - The mechanism of action of beta-blockers is:
a) Inhibition of calcium channels
b) Inhibition of sodium channels
c) Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors
d) Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors - Which of the following is used in the management of acute gout attacks?
a) Allopurinol
b) Colchicine
c) Methotrexate
d) Probenecid
Pathology
- The presence of “cannonball” metastases on a chest X-ray is most commonly associated with:
a) Renal cell carcinoma
b) Lung cancer
c) Colorectal cancer
d) Melanoma - Which of the following conditions is associated with a “steeple sign” on an X-ray of the neck?
a) Croup
b) Epiglottitis
c) Retropharyngeal abscess
d) Bronchiolitis - The presence of neutrophils in a tissue sample is indicative of:
a) Acute inflammation
b) Chronic inflammation
c) Tumor metastasis
d) Necrosis - The most common type of stroke is:
a) Hemorrhagic stroke
b) Ischemic stroke
c) Subarachnoid hemorrhage
d) Transient ischemic attack - The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is:
a) Gallstones
b) Alcohol consumption
c) Hyperlipidemia
d) Medications
Public Health
- The primary prevention of cervical cancer includes:
a) HPV vaccination
b) Regular Pap smears
c) Colposcopy
d) Surgery - A disease that is spread by the Aedes mosquito is:
a) Malaria
b) Zika virus
c) Tuberculosis
d) Hepatitis B - The most common cause of waterborne diseases is:
a) Bacteria
b) Viruses
c) Fungi
d) Protozoa - The most effective method to prevent the spread of communicable diseases is:
a) Quarantine
b) Vaccination
c) Antibiotics
d) Hand hygiene - The primary goal of the global eradication of polio is:
a) To reduce mortality
b) To eliminate the causative virus from all regions
c) To prevent disability
d) To promote vaccination worldwide
Miscellaneous
- The most common cause of acute bacterial meningitis in adults is:
a) Neisseria meningitidis
b) Streptococcus pneumoniae
c) Haemophilus influenzae
d) Listeria monocytogenes - The most common site of metastasis for lung cancer is:
a) Brain
b) Liver
c) Bones
d) Lymph nodes - A 50-year-old woman presents with a palpable breast mass. The next step in management is:
a) Mammography
b) Fine needle aspiration biopsy
c) Ultrasound
d) Excisional biopsy - Which of the following conditions is associated with a positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test?
a) Rheumatoid arthritis
b) Systemic lupus erythematosus
c) Osteoarthritis
d) Gout - The gold standard test for diagnosing tuberculosis is:
a) Chest X-ray
b) Sputum smear microscopy
c) Tuberculin skin test
d) Sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis - The most common complication of diabetes mellitus is:
a) Diabetic retinopathy
b) Diabetic nephropathy
c) Diabetic neuropathy
d) Coronary artery disease - The best indicator of adequate hydration in a patient is:
a) Blood pressure
b) Urine output
c) Skin turgor
d) Respiratory rate - The most common cause of vitamin D deficiency is:
a) Poor dietary intake
b) Lack of sunlight exposure
c) Malabsorption
d) Liver disease - The mainstay of treatment for Parkinson’s disease is:
a) Dopamine agonists
b) Anticholinergics
c) Levodopa
d) MAO inhibitors - The most common cause of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is:
a) Peptic ulcer disease
b) Esophageal varices
c) Mallory-Weiss tear
d) Gastric cancer
Answer Key
General Medicine
- b) Hypertension
- c) Asthma
- b) Bacterial pneumonia
- c) Enalapril
- d) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- b) Methyldopa
- c) Hyperthyroidism
- b) Acute myocardial infarction
- b) 5 minutes
- c) Respiratory distress syndrome
- b) Deep vein thrombosis
- b) Invasive ductal carcinoma
- a) Esophageal cancer
- a) Renal failure
- b) Malaria
- b) Breast cancer
- b) Pulmonary embolism
- a) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- b) Hypertension
- c) Apnea of prematurity
Surgery
- a) Intestinal obstruction
- b) Adhesions
- a) Immediate laparotomy
- a) Bile duct injury
- b) Pain control and hydration
- a) Laparotomy
- a) Bile duct injury
- a) Escherichia coli
- b) Immobilization and administration of IV antibiotics
- a) Adhesions
Pediatrics
- a) MMR
- a) Ventricular septal defect
- b) Lorazepam
- c) Physiologic jaundice
- b) Systemic lupus erythematosus
- b) Pregnancy
- b) 100-160 bpm
- a) Invasive ductal carcinoma
- b) Hormonal therapy
- a) Ovarian cyst
- b) Isoniazid
- b) Metoprolol
- b) Hyperglycemia
- a) Cough
- c) Dabigatran
Pathology
- c) Acute bacterial infection
- b) Hepatitis C
- b) Lungs
- b) Proteinuria
- a) Chronic sun exposure
- b) Promote international health
- b) Biomass fuels
- b) Comprehensive healthcare access
- a) Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
- b) Achieve universal primary education
General Medicine (Continued)
- b) Helicobacter pylori infection
- b) Perform a chest X-ray
- c) Short-acting beta-agonists
- b) Graves’ disease
- b) Hyperpigmentation
Surgery
- b) Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
- a) Inguinal hernia
- b) Conservative management with nasogastric tube and IV fluids
- c) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
- a) Bowel perforation
Pediatrics (Continued)
- a) Transient tachypnea of the newborn
- a) Down syndrome
- a) Sunken fontanel
- b) Urinalysis and renal function tests
- c) Febrile convulsions
Obstetrics & Gynecology
- b) Methotrexate therapy
- a) Expectant management
- d) Endometrial hyperplasia
- a) Endometriosis
- b) Pap smear
Pharmacology
- a) Labetalol
- b) N-acetylcysteine
- b) Gentamicin
- c) Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors
- b) Colchicine
Pathology (Continued)
- b) Lung cancer
- a) Croup
- a) Acute inflammation
- b) Ischemic stroke
- a) Gallstones
Public Health
- a) HPV vaccination
- b) Zika virus
- a) Bacteria
- b) Vaccination
- b) Eliminate the causative virus from all regions
Miscellaneous
- b) Streptococcus pneumoniae
- a) Brain
- a) Mammography
- b) Systemic lupus erythematosus
- d) Sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- b) Diabetic nephropathy
- b) Urine output
- b) Lack of sunlight exposure
- c) Levodopa
- a) Peptic ulcer disease
